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写的很实在,推荐初做项目者细读。
Many projects start with a fxed deliverable date, but often only a rough idea of what will be delivered and a vague idea of how it will be done.
The first question that comes to mind when presented with such a challenge is "What are the project objectives?" Although it may seem like an obvious question with a simple answer, it often happens that stakeholders don't know the answer.
Before you can help with objectives, you need to get to know the stakeholders. A stakeholder is someone who commissions, funds, uses, or is affected by the project. Some stakeholders are obvious-your boss is likely to be stakeholder (if you're a student, your instructor is most certainly a stakeholder). But sometimes you have to work a bit to identify all the key stakeholders. Why should you care? In part because stakeholders usually have differing (and conflicting) objectives.
Let's say that you're asked to model a specic manufacturing facility at a large corporation, and evaluate whether a new $4 million crane will provide the desired results (increases in product throughput, decreases in waiting time, reductions in maintenance, etc.). Here are some possible stakeholders and what their objectives might be in a typical situation:
1.Manager of industrial engineering (IE) (your boss): She wants to prove that IE adds value to the corporation, so she wants you to demonstrate dramatic cost savings or productivity improvement. She also wants a nice 3D animation she can use to market your services elsewhere in the corporation.
2.Production Manager: He's convinced that buying a new crane is the only way he can meet his production targets, and has instructed his key people to provide you the information to help you prove that.
3.VP-Production: He's been around a long time and is not convinced that this "simulation" thing offers any real benefit. He's marginally supporting this effort due to political pressure, but fully expects (and secretly hopes) the project will fail.
4.VP-Finance: She's very concerned about spending the money for the crane, but is also concerned about inadequate productivity. She's actually the one who, in the last executive meeting, insisted on commissioning a simulation study to get an objective analysis.
5.Line Supervisor: She's worked there 15 years and is responsible for material movement. She knows that there are less-expensive and equally effective ways to increase productivity, and would be happy to share that information if anyone bothered to ask her.
5.Materials Laborer: Much of his time is currently spent moving materials, and he's afraid of getting laid off if a new crane is purchased. So he'll do his best to convince you that a new crane is a bad idea.
6.Engineering Manager: His staff is already overwhelmed, so he doesn't want to be involved unless absolutely necessary. But if a new crane is going to be purchased, he has some very specic ideas of how it should
be configured and used.
注:摘自《Simio and Simulation》 P12~13 |
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